كتابة المهندسين
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????? ????????? (Writing By Engineers). ??? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??????. ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???? (Lou Henry Hoover)? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? De re metallica???? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?????. ??? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ?????????The Builders of the Bridge: The Story of John Roebling and His Son (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1945)? ???? ?????? ???. ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ????????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???. ????:“Engineers as Writers,” American Scientist, September-October 1993, pp. 419-423. See also Walter J. Miller and Leo E. A. Saidla, Engineers as Writers: Growth of a Literature (New York: Van Nostrand, 1953).
????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????????? (Charles Proteus Steinmetz) ?? “??????????? ????????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????”. ??? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????Engineering Mathematics? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? (Union College). ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???????? (1) ????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? “?????? ?????” ?????? “??????? ??????? ?? ???”? (2) ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??????? “???? ????? ??? ????????”? ????? ????????? ????????? “???????? ???????? ???”? ?(3) ??????? ????? “?????? ?? ??? ??? ???????”? ???????? ??? ??? ?????????? ???? “????????? ????????? ?? ???????”? ????? ??? ?? ????????? ??? ????? ??? “???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????”. ????:Charles P. Steinmetz, Engineering Mathematics: A Series of Lectures Delivered at Union College, 3rd ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1917). See also “Engineers as Writers,” American Scientist, September-October 1993, pp. 419-423.
?????? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????? (British Institution of Civil Engineers). ????? ?? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ????????? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ????????? ????????. ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????????????? ??????? ? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? “???? ??????? ?? ???????” ?”?????? ??????”. ?????????? ???? “???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ???????? ????”. ????:B. Madge et al., The ICE Essays: A Guide to Preparation and Writing (London: Thomas Telford, 1981)..
X . ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?? “???? x ????? ?? ????? ????? ????”. ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?????????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????. ??? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?????. ??? ??????? ??? ???? “x ???? ??? ??????” ?? ????? ????. ??? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????.
???? ????????? ??????? ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ????. ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?? ???. ??? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????????? ????? – ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ?????? [??? ???? ???????] ?? ?????? – ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?????.
???? ??? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???????. ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?? ????? ????????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????. ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????.
??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ????????? ???????. ??????? ?? ???? ????????? ????????? ????? ??? “????” (System) ?”?????” (Model) ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??????(Webster). ??? ???? ????????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?????????? ??? ?????????? “??? ???? ????? ??” ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????. ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? “?? ?????” ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? “???? ?? ????? ????” ??? “????? ??? ????? ?? ????????”. ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??????.
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