الشاهد الخبير
2014 ?????? ?????
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?????? ?????? (Expert Witness). ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????. ?????????? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????. ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ??? “??????? ????????? ?? ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ?? ??????? ???????”. ????:Kenneth L. Carper, ed., Forensic Engineering (New York: Elsevier, 1989).
?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ???????. ??? ??????? ????????? ??? ?????(John Smeaton)? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? (Eddystone Lighthouse)? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ???????. ??? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? “??????? ??????” ?????? ???? ?? ????????? ????????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ????. ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??? ????????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ???? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??????.
????????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????????. ??? ????? ?????????? ?????? ????? (Clemence Herschel) – ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????? (Frontinus) – ?????? ????? ????. ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? (?? ???? ????) ??? ??? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??????. ??? ?? ????? ???? ??? “?? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??????”.
?????????? ??? ?? ????????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ????? ????? ?? ????????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????. ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ????????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????. ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? (Daubert and Kumho).
????? (Daubert). ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? 1993 ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??????????? (Merrill Dow Pharmaceuticals) ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ???????. ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????????. ???? ?????? ????? ?? “?????? ?????” (Daubert criteria) ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????. ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???? (Kumho Tire) ?? ????????? (Carmichael).
???? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????: ?? ???? ????????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????. ?? ?? ???? ????????? ?? ??????? ???????
?????? (Kumho). ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????????? (Kumho Tire Co. v. Carmichael)? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??????. ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ???????. ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? 1999? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? 1993 ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???????????(Daubert v. Merrill Dow Pharmaceuticals).
????: Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence (Washington, D. C.: Federal Judicial Center, 1994). A second edition of the Reference Manual, including material on engineering, was published in 2000. See also “Daubert and Kumho,” American Scientist, September-October 1999, pp. 402-406, and its references.
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