الكوارث الهندسية
2014 ?????? ?????
???? ????????
????? ?????? ?????? ??????
??????? ???? ??????? (Disaster And Near-Disaster). ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????. ??? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ???????????? – ??????? ?? ?? – ?? ?????? ???? ???????? ???? ?? ?????:
?????? (Bhopal). ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???????(Union Carbide) ????????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???????????? ???????? (Methyl Isocyanate) ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????/ ?????? ??? 1984. ????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????. ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????. ???? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? [??????? ?????? ??????]. ????:“Toxic Vapor Leak,” in: When Technology Fails, Neal Schlager, ed. (Detroit: Gale Research, 1994), pp. 403-410.
??????? (Challenger). ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? 28 ????? ??????/ ????? ??? 1986 ??? 73 ????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? (Cape Canaveral, Florida) ????? ????? 51L. ??? ????? ????????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ????????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? (O-ring) ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????????? ?? ??? ???????. ????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????????? ??????????. ??? ????????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? (Roger Boisjoly) (?? ?????? 1938)? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????. ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???:Chapter 10 in: Paul H. Wright, Introduction to Engineering, second edition (New York: Wiley, 1994). ????? ????? ???? ??? ???????:Diane Vaughan, The Challenger Launch Decision: Risky Technology, Culture and Deviance at NASA (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996).
??? ???????? (Citicorp Tower)??? ??? (???? ???????? ??????) ??????? 914 ????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ???????. ??? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ????The New Yorker ?? ??? 1995 ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????????? ??? ??: ??? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? 1977. (??? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????). ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ???????. ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?????. ?????? ????? ????? ????????? ????? ??????????(William LeMessurier) (1926-2007) ??? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????. ??? ?????????? – ??? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? – ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????: “Why Citicorp Did Not Fall on Bloomingdale’s.” See Joe Morgenstern, “The Fifty-Nine-Story Crisis,” The New Yorker, May 29, 1995, pp. 45-53.
???????? (Columbia). ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? 1986? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ???????. ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???????. ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ??????: ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ????????. ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????. ?????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? 2003? ???? ??? ????????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ????. ???? ????????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????. ?????? ?????? ?????? [??? ?? ?????] ?? ????? ?? ????/ ??????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????.
??? – ???? ??????? (Deepwater Horizon). ?? ???? 2010 ???? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???????. ???? ?? ???? ????? ????????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ????. ???? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? (Robot) ???? ??? ????? ?????. ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? (British Petroleum: BP) (???? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ?????) ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????. ??? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ??????. ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ????????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ??. ????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???????.
???????? (Fukushima). ??? ???? ???????? ?????? (Fukushima Daiichi) ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? (Island of Honshu) ????????? ??? ??? ????? 160 ????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? (Tokyo)? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ??????? (???????) ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ????/ ???? ??? 2011? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????. ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ????. ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ??????. ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? (Diesel)? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ????????? (Tsunami)? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????. ???? ??? ????????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ????????. ??? ??? ?????????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????????.
????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????????? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????. ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ???????. ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????. ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?????.
???? ?????? (Hyatt Regency). ??? ???? ????? ???? (Kansas City)? ?? ????/ ????? ??? 1981? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????. ??? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??????. ??? 114 ????? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ??????. ????? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????: ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? – ??? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? – ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????. ??? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ???????. ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? “??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????????” ?? ???? ???? ????? ?????. ??????? ???? ??? ????????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? (Missouri). ???? ????? ?????? ??: To Engineer Is Human (New York: Vintage Books, 1992).
???? ?? ??? ?? ?? ????? (Texas A&M Bonfire). ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ????????? ???????? ????? ????????? ?? ????? (University of Texas Longhorns)? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? 1909. ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???????? ??? 110 ?????. ??? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ???????. ??? 18 ?? ????? ?????? ??? 1999 ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????? 12 ?????? ????? ????? ??????. ????? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????. ????: “Vanities of the Bonfire,” American Scientist, November-December 2000, pp. 486-490, which is reprinted in: Pushing The Limits (New York: Knopf, 2004), pp. 180-193.
??? ???? ????? (Three Mile Island). ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ????/ ???? ??? 1979 ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ?????????(Susquehanna River near Harrisburg) ?? ????? ??????????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???????. ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????????? ???????. ???? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ????????? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ???????. ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ???????. ????:“Three Mile Island Accident,” in: When Technology Fails, Neil Schlager, ed. (Detroit: Gale Research, 1994), pp. 510-517.
???? ??????? ???????? (World Trade Center). ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ????/ ?????? 1993? ??? ????? ?. ?????? (Eugene J. Fasullo) ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??????. ???? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? (New Jersey)? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ????????? ?? ??????. ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????. ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?????. ????? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? 125 ?????. ??? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????. ??? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??? ???.
??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? “??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????”. ??? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????????? ????? ?? ????????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ??????. ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? 1991 ?????? “???? ??????” ????? ???????. ????? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ??????:A Vision of Leadership: Role of Engineers in Rebuilding Our Infrastructure. See Timothy L. O’Brien, “The Reconstruction of the Trade Center Has Been a Tall Task,” Wall Street Journal, April 7, 1993, p. 1.
???? ????? ??? 1993 ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????/ ?????? ??? 2001. ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? 1365 ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ????????? ???????. ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???????. ??????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????. ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????. ???? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????????. ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????. ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????????. ??????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????????. ????:Federal Emergency Management Agency, World Trade Center Building Performance Study: Data Collection, Preliminary Observations, and Recommendations (Washington, D.C.: FEMA, 2002).
????? ?? ????????? ?? ??????? ????: David R. Chiles, Inviting Disaster: Lessons from the Edge of Technology (New York: Harper, 2002); Charles Perrow, Normal Accidents: Living with High-Risk Technologies, with new afterword and postscript (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1999); Neil Schlager, ed., When Technology Fails: Significant Technological Disasters, Accidents, and Failures of the Twentieth Century (Detroit: Gale Research, 1994).
[KSAGRelatedArticles] [ASPDRelatedArticles]