تقنيات الطب البيولوجية القابلة للتطبيق في الطب النفسي

146 12 دقائق

1996 ?????? ???? ?????????? ????? ???????

??????? ???? ????? ???????

KFAS

– ??????? ???????

????? ????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? “????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????”? ??? ??? ??? ????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????.

???? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ????????? ????????.

??? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?????? Prefrontal lobotomy ???? ????? ???? ??????? ????????? (????? ????? Egas Moniz) ??? 1936 “????? Moniz? 1937″.

?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????. ??????? ????? ??? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? (Carlyle Jacobsen) ?? ???? ??? ?????? (John Ful-ton) ?? ????? ??? “???????? Jacobsen, C. 1963″.

??? ??? ????? ???? ?????????????? (Walter Freeman) ????? ??? (James watt) ??? ???? ????? ??? ??????? “?????? ???? Freeman and Watts 1942″.

?????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? interruption of the thalamo frontal projection ???? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ????.

??????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ?????????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ??????? “????? Bordy ???????? Rosvold? 1952″.

???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?????? “??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? leucotomies ?? ??????? ???????” ??? ???????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???????.

??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ??????????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????.

???? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ?? ?????????.

????? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? “???? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????”.

??? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? “????? ?? ????????? ??????????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? “????? ?? ????????? ??????????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? “????? Pe-trie? 1952″.

??? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? “??????????”? ?? ???????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????.

???? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ???? ??????? ????????.

??? ???? ??????????? ???????????? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????????.

???? ?? ?? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? crippling obsessive compulsive states ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?? ????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???? ???? ?????? ???.

??? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????.

????? ??? ????? ????? ????? (????? Brody? 1958) ???? ?? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? (??? ??? ????????? 11? 13)? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????.

???? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? (1973/?) ??????? (1973/?) ?? ???????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???? ???????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ????????.

???? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????????? (????? Brody? 1973/?).

??? ??? ?? ????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ??????.

???? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ???????. ??? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????? (1979) ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???????.

??? ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? Cingulotomy ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? (??????? Klerman? 1989? ? 1741).

??? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????.

??? ??????? ????????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?????????? ??? ?? ???????? N.P. Bekh-tereva ?????? ??? ??? 1973 ?? ???????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? Tepmoral lobe epilepsy.

??? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??? 1975 (????? Pichot 1983).

??? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? detruction of thalamic nuclei ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????.

?????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????.

????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? 400 ? 600 ???? (??????? Klerman 1989).

– ?????? ???????? ???????? (ECT)

?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?? ???????? ???????.

??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????.

????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? 1992 ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????.

????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? (Manfred Sackel) ???? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????????. ????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??? 1933 (???? Sakel 1938).

??? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? Lazlo (von Meduna) ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????????? ??? ??????? ??????????? Camphor and Metrazol ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? Pichot? 1983)

???? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? (?? ??? ???? ?????????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ?????)? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????.

???? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ????????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ???? ??????? (Hugo Cerletti) ?????? ???? (Lucio Bini) ?? ???????.

??? ????? ?? ??? 1938 ????? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ??????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????????? ???? ????? ??????. ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? (????? Pichot? 1983? ? 125).

???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? 1936 ??? ???????? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???????????.

???? ???? ?????????? ?????????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? (???? Welch 1989).

????? ???? ????????? ????? ??????? (????? ??? ???????? ???????? ????????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????) ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????????? ????? ???????.

?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????.

???????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ??????. ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ???????? ???????.

??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ????????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????????.

???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? antipsychotic Drugs? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ??????.

???? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????.

???????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ????????.

????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???????? (1978) ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ????????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ?? ???????? ?????? ???. ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????.

????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? (????? Remick ?????? Maurice? 1978).

????? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??????? (???? Welch? 1989? ? 1807).

????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ??????. ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? (??????? ?????? Winslade et al. ? 1984).

???? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????????.

??????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ????????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? (????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ??????????) ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????????.

– ???????? ???????

?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ??????? Psychopharmacology ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????.

???? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? Psy-chotropic ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? Neuroleptic ?? ???????? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ???????.

??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ?????????? (??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???????).

??? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????.

???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???????.

???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????????? ????????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? (????? Gutheil ??????? Ap-pelbaum 1983).

?????? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????. ???? ?? ?????? ?????????????? Benzodiazepines ???? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ????????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ?????????.

???? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ????????? ?? ??????? ?? ????????? ???????? ???????? ????????. ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ?????????.

???? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????. ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????.

????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????. ????????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????????.

?????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????.

????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? (?????? ?????? Farwell et al? 1990? ? 364).

???? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?????. ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ????????? ????.

????? ??? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????? (????? Benson 1984? 651).

?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? (??? ????? ?????? Van Putten et al 1984).

???? ???? ??? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??? 24% ? 63% ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? “?????? ?????? Car-man et al? 1984″.

????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ???.

??? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? (???? ??? ????? ????????? ??? ????????? NMS ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? Neuroleptic Malignant syndrome

??? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????????? ????? Dopaminergic agents

???? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ????????? amoxapine (????? ??????? Taylor and Schwartz? 1988)? ??? ????????? ???????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? (?????? ????????? Susman and Addonizio 1988).

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146 12 دقائق