مجموعة التشييد أو مجموعة الإيركتور
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?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????? (Erector Set). ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? (Alfred Carlton Gilbert) (1884-1961)? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??? (Yale University) ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????. ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? (Mysto Manufacturing Company)? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????????. ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ????????? ???? ???? ???????? ???????? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ????????? (New Haven & Hartford)? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? (Meccano) ?????????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ???????? 1908. ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? 1913. ??? ??? 1916 ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?. ?. ??????A. C. Gilbert Company? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ????????? ????? ??????. ????? ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?? ??? 1991 ?? ???? ???? ???????? ????????? (European Meccano Company). ????: Bruce Watson, The Man Who Changed How Boys and Toys Were Made (New York: Viking, 2002).
???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ????????? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ??? ???? ???. ??????? ?? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ????????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????????? ??????????. ????: “Work and Play,” American Scientist, May-June 1999, pp. 208-212. ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ????????? ??????????? ???? ????????. ??????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ??????? (Frank Hornby) ??? ??? 1900? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? 1901. ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ???????? (Mechanics Made Easy). ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? 1907? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??????????? (Esperanto) ????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????????. ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????. ????? ???? ?????? (Meccano Magazine) (????? ??????? ????????? ????? ???????? (Meccano Engineer)) ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??????. ??????? ?? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ??????. ???? ????: Bert Love and Jim Gamble, The Meccano System, 1901-1979: And the Special Purpose Meccano Sets (London: New Cavendish Books, 1985)? ???? ?????:
The Man Who Lives in Paradise: The Autobiography of A. C. Gilbert (New York: Reinhart, 1954); Daniel A. Yett, “Those Fascinating Erector Sets: The History-and the Man-Behind Them,” in: A. C. Gilbert’s Heritage: A Collection of American Flyer Articles and Photos, J. Heimburger, ed. (River Forest, Ill.: Heimburger House, 1983); “Beyond Tin Cans: Construction Toys and Engineers,” in the exhibition catalog Toying with Architecture: The Building Toy in the Arena of Play (Katonah, N.Y.: Katonah Museum of Art, 1997). This last essay also appears in a slightly different form as “The Toys that Built America,” American Heritage of Invention & Technology, Spring 1988, pp. 40-45.
??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????. ??? ????? ???? ????????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ?”?????? ????????????”? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ????. ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? (LEGO Group) ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????????? (Ole kirk Kristiansen) (1892-1958). ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ??? 1947? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???. ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ????????? leg goodt? ???? ????? “???? ?????” (Play Well). ???? ???? ???????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???????. ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????.
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